The Effects Of Cumulative Cultural Evolution On The Learning

Effects of Cumulative Cultural Evolution in Emulation Learning In the context of evolution, culture is â€Å"a shared system of socially transmitted behaviour that describes, defines, and guides people’s ways of life, communicated from one generation† (Matsumoto, 2006, p. 220). Evolution has seen humans attaining unique behavioural adaptations, that one cannot acquire in a single lifetime, cumulate over generations (Henrich McElreath, 2003) and the accumulation of these successive cultural adaptations across generations is cumulative cultural evolution (Boyd Richerdson, 1996). Laboratory studies on cultural evolution have used ‘microsocieties’ to simulate different generations in a population. In such studies, participants are replaced with a naà ¯ve participant within their groups to symbolize the end of a generation and this continues for a few generations (Baum, Richerson, Efferson, Paciotti, 2004). Many cultural artefacts and practices share an essential characteristic of being accumulative (Tomasello, Krugera , Ratner, 1993). Cumulative cultural evolution can occur when a generation makes adaptations to a behavior learnt from the previous generation. The following generation, too, adapts the behavior, and this continues across generations. This effect is believed to be attributable to processes of social learning (Tennie, Call, Tomasello, 2009). Social learning theory proposes that individuals can learn in a social context, for example, by observing others’Show MoreRelatedTow Way Immersion Education Programs in the United States1864 Words   |  7 Pagesthe lack of common knowledge of the existence and success of these programs is one of the main factors to blame for the slow evolution of our schools into TWI based schools. 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Theories of development to make sense of such complexity have been made including Freud’s psychosexual stages, Erikson’s psychosocialRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Life Development Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pagesbe biological, socioemotional or cognitive. We have many concepts of gauging an individual’s age including psychological, biological, social and most commonly used or expressed, chronological. These concepts together, including social, economic, cultural and chronological similarities and differences, make up our developmental timeline, with everyone’s being unique. Theories on development to make sense of such complexity have been made including Freud’s psychosexual stages, Erikson’s psychosocialRead MoreRevenue vs. Education in the U.S. and the United Kingdom2332 Words   |  10 Pages4.0. Analysis and Results In this chapter, statistical results of the revenue vs. education in The USA and in The UK will be comparatively illustrated. 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However, his first fieldwork among the Baining and New Sulka in New Britain resulted in little theory, but made Bateson feel rather homesick becau se he felt he could connect Radcliffe-Brown’sRead MoreEssay about Ecoturism and Its Impact in Gunung National Parks of Sarawak2816 Words   |  12 Pagesand reduce the environmental and social impacts. Ecotourism is defined as a tourism that composed of traveling in relation to undisturbed and uncontaminated natural places with precise objective of learning, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its flora and fauna, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present) found in these locations (Boo, 1990). 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Bag of Bones CHAPTER FOUR Free Essays

string(95) " I regained complete consciousness \(if there is such a state\), I was curled up on the floor\." The phone was ringing when I walked in my front door. It was Frank asking me if I’d like to join him for Christmas. Join them, as matter of fact; all of his brothers and their families were coming. We will write a custom essay sample on Bag of Bones CHAPTER FOUR or any similar topic only for you Order Now I opened my mouth to say no the last thing on earth I needed was a Irish Christmas with everybody drinking whiskey and waxing sentimental about Jo while perhaps two dozen snotcaked rugrats crawled around the floor and heard myself saying I’d come. Frank sounded as surprised as I felt, but honestly delighted. ‘Fantastic!’ He cried. ‘When can you get here?’ I was in the hall, my galoshes dripping on the tile, and from where I standing I could look through the arch and into the living room. There was no Christmas tree; I hadn’t bothered with one since Jo died. The room looked both ghastly and much too big to me . . . a roller rink furnished in Early American. ‘I’ve been out running errands,’ I said. ‘How about I throw some in a bag, get back into the car, and come south while the still blowing warm air?’ ‘Tremendous,’ Frank said without a moment’s hesitation. ‘We can have us a sane bachelor evening before the Sons and Daughters of East Malden start arriving. I’m pouring you a drink as soon as I get off the telephone.’ ‘Then I guess I better get rolling,’ I said. That was hands down the best holiday since Johanna died. The only good holiday, I guess. For four days I was an honorary Arlen. I drank too much, toasted Johanna’s memory too many times . . . and knew, somehow, that she’d be pleased to know I was doing it. Two babies spit up on me, one dog got into bed with me in the middle of the night, and Nicky Arlen’s sister-in-law made a bleary pass at me on the night after Christmas, when she caught me alone in the kitchen making a turkey sandwich. I kissed her because she clearly wanted to be kissed, and an adventurous (or perhaps ‘mischievous’ is the word I want) hand groped me for a moment in a place where no one other than myself had groped in almost three and a half years. It was a shock, but not an entirely unpleasant one. It went no further in a houseful of Arlens and with Susy Donahue not quite officially divorced yet (like me, she was an honorary Arlen that Christmas), it hardly could have done but I decided it was time to leave . . . unless, that was, I wanted to go driving at high speed down a narrow street that most likely ended in a brick wall. I left on the twenty-seventh, very glad that I had come, and I gave Frank a fierce goodbye hug as we stood by my car. For four days I hadn’t thought at all about how there was now only dust in my safe-deposit box at Fidelity Union, and for four nights I had slept straight through until eight in the morning, sometimes waking up with a sour stomach and a hangover headache, but never once in the middle of the night with the thought Manderley, I have dreamt again of Manderley going through my mind. I got back to Derry feeling refreshed and renewed. The first day of 1998 dawned clear and cold and still and beautiful. I got up, showered, then stood at the bedroom window, drinking coffee. It suddenly occurred to me with all the simple, powerful reality of ideas like up is over your head and down is under your feet that I could write now. It was a new year, something had changed, and I could write now if I wanted to. The rock had rolled away. I went into the study, sat down at the computer, and turned it on. My heart was beating normally, there was no sweat on my forehead or the back of my neck, and my hands were warm. I pulled down the main menu, the one you get when you click on the apple, and there was my Word Six. I clicked on it. The pen-and-parchment logo came up, and when it did I suddenly couldn’t breathe. It was as if iron bands had clamped around my chest. I pushed back from the desk, gagging and clawing at the round neck of the sweatshirt I was wearing. The wheels of my office chair caught on little throw rug one of Jo’s finds in the last year of her life and I tipped right over backward. My head banged the floor and I saw a fountain of bright sparks go whizzing across my field of vision. I suppose I was lucky to black out, but I think my real luck on New Year’s Morning of 1998 was that I tipped over the way I did. If I’d only pushed back from the desk so that I was still looking a t the logo and at the hideous blank screen followed it I think I might have choked to death. ‘When I staggered to my feet, I was at least able to breathe. My throat the size of a straw, and each inhale made a weird screaming sound, but I was breathing. I lurched into the bathroom and threw up in the basin with such force that vomit splashed the mirror. I grayed out and my knees buckled. This time it was my brow I struck, thunking it against the lip of the basin, and although the back of my head didn’t bleed there was a very respectable lump there by noon, though), my forehead did, a little. This latter bump also left a purple mark, which I of course lied about, telling folks who asked that I’d run into the bathroom door in the middle of the night, silly me, that’ll teach a fella to get up at two A.M. without turning on a lamp. ,’When I regained complete consciousness (if there is such a state), I was curled up on the floor. You read "Bag of Bones CHAPTER FOUR" in category "Essay examples" I got up, disinfected the cut on my forehead, and sat on the lip of the tub with my head lowered to my knees until I felt confident enough to stand up. I sat there for fifteen minutes, I guess, and in that space of time I decided that barring some miracle, my career was over. Harold would scream in pain and Debra would moan in disbelief, but what could they do? Send out the Publication Police? me with the Book-of-the-Month-Club Gestapo? Even if they could, what difference would it make? You couldn’t get sap out of a brick or blood out of a stone. Barring some miraculous recovery, my life as a writer was over. And if it is? I asked myself. What’s on for the back forty, Mike? You can play a lot of Scrabble in forty years, go on a lot of Crossword Cruises, drink a lot of whiskey. But is that enough? What else are you going to put on your back forty? I didn’t want to think about that, not then. The next forty years could take care of themselves; I would be happy just to get through New Year’s Day of 1998. When I felt I had myself under control, I went back into my study, shuffled to the computer with my eyes resolutely on my feet, felt around for the right button, and turned off the machine. You can damage the program shutting down like that without putting it away, but under the circumstances, I hardly thought it mattered. That night I once again dreamed I was walking at twilight on Lane Forty-two, which leads to Sara Laughs; once more I wished on the evening star as the loons cried on the lake, and once more I sensed something in the woods behind me, edging ever closer. It seemed my Christmas holiday was over. That was a hard, cold winter, lots of snow and in February a flu epidemic that did for an awful lot of Derry’s old folks. It took them the way a hard wind will take old trees after an ice storm. It missed me completely. I hadn’t so much as a case of the sniffles that winter. In March, I flew to Providence and took part in Will Weng’s New England Crossword Challenge. I placed fourth and won fifty bucks. I framed the uncashed check and hung it in the living room. Once upon a time, most of my framed Certificates of Triumph (Jo’s phrase; all the good phrases are Jo’s phrases, it seems to me) went up on my office walls, but by March of 1998, I wasn’t going in there very much. When I wanted to play Scrabble against the computer or do a tourney-level crossword puzzle, I used the Powerbook and sat at the kitchen table. I remember sitting there one day, opening the Powerbook’s main menu, going down to the crossword puzzles, then dropping the cursor two or three items further, until it had highlighted my old pal, Word Six. What swept over me then wasn’t frustration or impotent, balked fury (I’d experienced a lot of both since finishing All the Way from the Top), but sadness and simple longing. Looking at the Word Six icon was suddenly like looking at the pictures of Jo I kept in my wallet. Studying those, I’d sometimes think that I would sell my immortal soul in order have her back again . . . and on that day in March, I thought I would sell my soul to be able to write a story again. Go on and try it, then, a voice whispered. Maybe things have changed. Except that nothing had changed, and I knew it. So instead of opening Word Six, I moved it across to the trash barrel in the lower righthand corner of the screen, and dropped it in. Goodbye, old pal. Weinstock called a lot that winter, mostly with good news. Early in March she reported that Helen’s Promise had been picked as one half of the Literary Guild’s main selection for August, the other half a legal thriller by Steve Martini, another veteran of the eight-to-fifteen segment of the Times bestseller list. And my British publisher, Debra, loved Helen, was sure it would be my ‘breakthrough book.’ (My British sales had always lagged.) ‘Promise is sort of a new direction for you,’ Debra said. ‘Wouldn’t you say?’ ‘I kind of thought it was,’ I confessed, and wondered how Debbie respond if I told her my new-direction book had been written a dozen years ago. ‘It’s got . . . I don’t know . . . a kind of maturity.’ ‘Thanks.’ ‘Mike? I think the connection’s going. You sound muffled.’ Sure I did. I was biting down on the side of my hand to keep from howling with laughter. Now, cautiously, I took it out of my mouth and examined the bite-marks. ‘Better?’ ‘Yes, lots. So what’s the new one about? Give me a hint.’ ‘You know the answer to that one, kiddo.’ Debra laughed. †You’ll have to read the book to find out, Josephine,† she said. ‘Right?’ ‘Yessum.’ ‘Well, keep it coming. Your pals at Putnam are crazy about the way you’re taking it to the next level.’ I said goodbye, I hung up the telephone, and then I laughed wildly for about ten minutes. Laughed until I was crying. That’s me, though. Always taking it to the next level. During this period I also agreed to do a phone interview with a Newsweek writer who was putting together a piece on The New American Gothic (whatever that was, other than a phrase which might sell a few magazines), and to sit for a Publishers Weekly interview which would appear just before publication of Helen’s Promise. I agreed to these because they both sounded softball, the sort of interviews you could do over the phone while you read your mail. And Debra was delighted because I ordinarily say no to all the publicity. I hate that part of the job and always have, especially the hell of the live TV chat-show, where nobody’s ever read your goddam book and the first question is always ‘Where in the world do you get those wacky ideas?’ The publicity process is like going to a sushi bar where you’re the sushi, and it was great to get past it this time with the feeling that I’d been able to give Debra some good news she could take to her bosses. ‘Yes,’ she could say, ‘he’s still being a booger about publicity, but I got him to do a couple of things.’ All through this my dreams of Sara Laughs were going on not every night but every second or third night, with me never thinking of them in the daytime. I did my crosswords, I bought myself an acoustic steel guitar and started learning how to play it (I was never going to be invited to tour with Patty Loveless or Alan Jackson, however), I scanned each day’s bloated obituaries in the Derry News for names that I knew. I was pretty much dozing on my feet, in other words. What brought all this to an end was a call from Harold Oblowski not more than three days after Debra’s book-club call. It was storming out-side a vicious snow-changing-over-to-sleet event that proved to be the last and biggest blast of the winter. By mid-evening the power would be off all over Derry, but when Harold called at five P.M., things were just getting cranked up. ‘I just had a very good conversation with your editor,’ Harold said. ‘A very enlightening, very energizing conversation. Just got off the in fact.’ ‘Oh?’ ‘Oh indeed. There’s a feeling at Putnam, Michael, that this latest of yours may have a positive effect on your sales position in the market. It’s very strong.’ ‘Yes,’ I said, ‘I’m taking it to the next level.’ ‘Huh?’ ‘I’m just blabbing, Harold. Go on.’ ‘Well . . . Helen Nearing’s a great lead character, and Skate is your best villain ever.’ I said nothing. ‘Debra raised the possibility of making Helen’s Promise the opener of a three-book contract. A very lucrative three-book contract. All without prompting from me. Three is one more than any publisher has wanted to commit to ’til now. I mentioned nine million dollars, three per book, in other words, expecting her to laugh . . . but an agent has to start somewhere, and I always choose the highest ground I can find. I think I must have Roman military officers somewhere back in my family tree.’ Ethiopian rug-merchants, more like it, I thought, but didn’t say. I felt the way you do when the dentist has gone a little heavy on the Novocain and flooded your lips and tongue as well as your bad tooth and the patch of gum surrounding it. If I tried to talk, I’d probably only flap and spread spit. Harold was almost purring. A three-book contract for the new mature Michael Noonan. Tall tickets, baby. This time I didn’t feel like laughing. This time I felt like screaming. Harold went on, happy and oblivious. Harold didn’t know the bookberry-tree had died. Harold didn’t know the new Mike Noonan had cataclysmic shortness of breath and projectile-vomiting fits every time he tried to write. ‘You want to hear how she came back to me, Michael?’ ‘Lay it on me.’ ‘Well, nine’s obviously high, but it’s as good a place to start as any. We feel this new book is a big step forward for him.’ This is extraordinary. Extraordinary. Now, I haven’t given anything away, wanted to talk to you first, of course, but I think we’re looking at seven-point-five, minimum. In fact ‘ ‘No.’ He paused a moment. Long enough for me to realize I was gripping the phone so hard it hurt my hand. I had to make a conscious effort to relax my grip. ‘Mike, if you’ll just hear me out ‘ ‘I don’t need to hear you out. I don’t want to talk about a new contract.’ ‘Pardon me for disagreeing, but there’ll never be a better time. Think about it, for Christ’s sake. We’re talking top dollar here. If you wait until after Helen’s Promise is published, I can’t guarantee that the same offer ‘ ‘I know you can’t,’ I said. ‘I don’t want guarantees, I don’t want offers, I don’t want to talk contract.’ ‘You don’t need to shout, Mike, I can hear you.’ Had I been shouting? Yes, I suppose I had been. ‘Are you dissatisfied with Putnam’s? I think Debra would be very distressed to hear that. I also think Phyllis Grann would do damned near anything to address any concerns you might have.’ Are you sleeping with Debra, Harold? I thought, and all at once it seemed like the most logical idea in the world that dumpy, fiftyish, balding little Harold Oblowski was making it with my blonde, aristocratic, Smith-educated editor. Are you sleeping with her, do you talk about my future while you’re lying in bed together in a room at the Plaza? Are the pair of you trying to figure how many golden eggs you can get out of this tired old goose before you finally wring its neck and turn it into pat? ¦? Is that what you’re up to? ‘Harold, I can’t talk about this now, and I won’t talk about this now.’ ‘What’s wrong? Why are you so upset? I thought you’d be pleased. Hell, I thought you’d be over the fucking moon.’ ‘There’s nothing wrong. It’s just a bad time for me to talk long-term contract. You’ll have to pardon me, Harold. I have something coming out of the oven.’ ‘Can we at least discuss this next w ‘ ‘No,’ I said, and hung up. I think it was the first time in my adult life I’d hung up on someone who wasn’t a telephone salesman. I had nothing coming out of the oven, of course, and I was too upset to think about putting something in. I went into the living room instead, poured myself a short whiskey, and sat down in front of the TV I sat there for almost four hours, looking at everything and seeing nothing. Outside, the storm continued cranking up. Tomorrow there would be trees down all over Derry and the world would look like an ice sculpture. At quarter past nine the power went out, came back on for thirty seconds or so, then went out and stayed out. I took this as a suggestion to stop thinking about Harold’s useless contract and how Jo would have chortled the idea of nine million dollars. I got up, unplugged the blacked-out TV so it wouldn’t come blaring on at two in the morning (I needn’t have worried; the power was off in Derry for nearly two days), and went upstairs. I dropped my clothes at the foot of the bed, crawled in without even bothering to brush my teeth, and was asleep in less than five minutes. I don’t how long after that it was that the nightmare came. It was the last dream I had in what I now think of as my ‘Manderley series,’ the culminating dream. It was made even worse, I suppose, by unrelievable blackness to which I awoke. It started like the others. I’m walking up the lane, listening to the crickets and the loons, looking mostly at the darkening slot of sky overhead. I reach the driveway, and here something has changed; someone has put a little sticker on the SARA LAUGHS sign. I lean closer and see it’s a radio station sticker. WBLM, it says. 102.9, PORTLAND’S ROCK AND ROLL BLIMP. From the sticker I look back up into the sky, and there is Venus. I wish her as I always do, I wish for Johanna with the dank and vaguely smell of the lake in my nose. Something lumbers in the woods, rattling old leaves and breaking a branch. It sounds big. Better get down there, a voice in my head tells me. Something has taken out a contract on you, Michael. A three-book contract, and that’s the worst kind. I can never move, I can only stand here. I’ve got walker’s block. But that’s just talk. I can walk. This time I can walk. I am delighted. I have had a major breakthrough. In the dream I think This changes everything! This changes everything! Down the driveway I walk, deeper and deeper into the clean but sour smell of pine, stepping over some of the fallen branches, kicking others out of the way. I raise my hand to brush the damp hair off my forehead and see the little scratch running across the back of it. I stop to look at it, curious. No time for that, the dream-voice says. Get down there. You’ve got a book to write. I can’t write, I reply. That part’s over. I’m on the back forty now. No, the voice says. There is something relentless about it that scares me. You had writer’s walk, not writer’s block, and as you can see, it’s gone. Now hurry up and get down there. I’m afraid, I tell the voice. Afraid of what? Well . . . what if Mrs. Danvers is down there? The voice doesn’t answer. It knows I’m not afraid of Rebecca de Winter’s housekeeper, she’s just a character in an old book, nothing but a bag of bones. So I begin walking again. I have no choice, it seems, but at every step my terror increases, and by the time I’m halfway down to the shadowy sprawling bulk of the log house, fear has sunk into my bones like fever. Something is wrong here, something is all twisted up. I’ll run away, I think. I’ll run back the way I came, like the gingerbread man I’ll run, run all the way back to Derry, if that’s what it takes, and I’ll never come here anymore. Except I can hear slobbering breath behind me in the growing gloom, and padding footsteps. The thing in the woods is now the thing in the driveway. It’s right behind me. If I turn around the sight of it will knock the sanity out of my head in a single roundhouse slap. Something with red eyes, something slumped and hungry. The house is my only hope of safety. I walk on. The crowding bushes clutch like hands. In the light of a rising moon (the moon has never risen before in this dream, but I have never stayed in it this long before), the rustling leaves look like sardonic faces. I see winking eyes and smiling mouths. Below me are the black windows of the house and I know that there will be no power when I get inside, the storm has knocked the power out, I will flick the lightswitch up and down, up and down, until something reaches out and takes my wrist and pulls me like a lover deeper into the dark. I am three quarters of the way down the driveway now. I can see the railroad-tie steps leading down to the lake, and I can see the float out there on the water, a black square in a track of moonlight. Bill Dean has put it out. I can also see an oblong something lying at the place where driveway ends at the stoop. There has never been such an object before. What can it be? Another two or three steps, and I know. It’s a coffin, the one Frank Arlen dickered for . . . because, he said, the mortician was trying to stick it to me. It’s Jo’s coffin, and lying on its side with the top partway open, enough for me to see it’s empty. I think I want to scream. I think I mean to turn around and run back up the driveway I will take my chances with the thing behind me. But before I can, the back door of Sara Laughs opens, and a terrible figure darting out into the growing darkness. It is human, this figure, and yet it’s not. It is a crumpled white thing with baggy arms upraised. There is no face where its face should be, and yet it is shrieking in a glottal, loonlike voice. It must be Johanna. She was able to escape her coffin, her winding shroud. She is all tangled up in it. How hideously speedy this creature is! It doesn’t drift as one imagines ghosts drifting, but races across the stoop toward the driveway. It has been waiting down here during all the dreams when I had been frozen, and now that I have finally been able to walk down, it means to have me. I’ll scream when it wraps me in its silk arms, and I will scream when I smell its rotting, bug-raddled flesh and see its dark staring eyes through the fine weave of the cloth. I will scream as the sanity leaves my mind forever. I will scream . . . but there is no one out here to hear me. Only the loons will hear me. I have come again to Manderley, and this time I will never leave. The shrieking white thing reached for me and I woke up on the floor of crying out in a cracked, horrified voice and slamming my head repeatedly against something. How long before I finally realized I was no longer asleep, that I wasn’t at Sara Laughs? How long before I realized that I had fallen out of bed at some point and had crawled across the room in my sleep, that I was on my hands and knees in a corner, butting my head against the place where the walls came together, doing it over and over again like a lunatic in an asylum? I didn’t know, couldn’t with the power out and the bedside clock dead. I know that at first I couldn’t move out of the corner because it felt safer than the wider room would have done, and I know that for a long time the dream’s force held me even after I woke up (mostly, I imagine, because I couldn’t turn on a light and dispel its power). I was afraid that if I crawled out of my corner, the white thing would burst out of my bathroom, shrieking its dead shriek, eager to finish what it had started. I know I was shivering all over, and that I was cold and wet from the waist down, because my bladder had let go. I stayed there in the corner, gasping and wet, staring into the darkness, wondering if you could have a nightmare powerful enough in its imagery to drive you insane. I thought then (and think now) that I almost found out on that night in March. Finally I felt able to leave the corner. Halfway across the floor I pulled off my wet pajama pants, and when I did that, I got disoriented. What followed was a miserable and surreal five minutes in which I crawled aimlessly back and forth in my familiar bedroom, bumping into stuff and moaning each time I hit something with a blind, flailing hand. Each thing I touched at first seemed like that awful white thing. Nothing I touched felt like anything I knew. With the reassuring green numerals of the bedside clock gone and my sense of direction temporarily lost, I could have been crawling around a mosque in Addis Ababa. At last I ran shoulder-first into the bed. I stood up, yanked the pillowcase off the extra pillow, and wiped my groin and upper legs with it. Then I crawled back into bed, pulled the blankets up, and lay there shivering, listening to the steady tick of sleet on the windows. There was no sleep for me the rest of that night, and the dream didn’t fade as dreams usually do upon waking. I lay on my side, the shivers slowly subsiding, thinking of her coffin there in the driveway, thinking that it made a kind of mad sense Jo had loved Sara, and if she were haunt anyplace, it would be there. But why would she want to hurt me? Why would my Jo ever want to hurt me? I could think of no reason. Somehow the time passed, and there came a moment when I realized the air had turned a dark shade of gray; the shapes of the furniture in it like sentinels in fog. That was a little better. That was more it. I would light the kitchen woodstove, I decided, and make strong coffee. Begin the work of getting this behind me. I swung my legs out of bed and raised my hand to brush my sweat-hair off my forehead. I froze with the hand in front of my eyes. I must have scraped it while I was crawling, disoriented, in the dark and to find my way back to bed. There was a shallow, clotted cut across the back, just below the knuckles. How to cite Bag of Bones CHAPTER FOUR, Essay examples

Pros and Cons of Exporting to a Regionally Integrated Market Essay Example For Students

Pros and Cons of Exporting to a Regionally Integrated Market Essay Memorandum Corporation Name Date: TO: (Yulius Santoso), Rank in Corporation FROM: ), Rank/Division in Corporation SUBJECT: MGMT1100 Our company produces and exports Australian honey, and we plan to export our goods to Mexico/France (choose one). Since this country is part of NAFTA/EU (respectively), what are the pros and cons of us exporting to this regionally integrated market? I strongly recommend that our company shouldn’t be doing any exports to not only France but all the members within EU, or any similar regionally integrated markets. Since the main justification behind regional trade agreement is in the best interest of the regional members and at the expense of diverting trades from third party countries. In another word, very few advantages can be found from an exporter’s point of view, not to mention a great deal of stumbling blocks in terms of government protectionism for the better soundness of EU’s internal trade. Countries like EU are very regionally economically integrated in that there are strong economic union as well as political integration, especially in terms of trade. As a result, EU will very much benefit from its regionalism from the reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers that are only enjoyed by member states. Certainly it’s more profitable to expand our market, especially in big country like France, however the drawbacks outweigh extensively in that our competitive advantages will be easily offset by the internal reduction of barriers in EU honey manufacturing industry, consequently leaving us very little profit margin. Besides the fact the sales might shoot up in the short term, there are almost no pros but cons in exporting to EU, including a lengthy due- processes, no advantages compare to EU members and great degree of country and economic risks. France is the second biggest member in EU in terms of honey consumptions. It will certainly account for a major proportion of our production outsource. This will largely increase our sales revenue as well as the economy of scale to expand the company. Moreover, when penetrating regional integrated market like France, it’s likely our company will be subsidized by government which is critical in logistic and country risk cost cutting. However, prior to entering, EU firstly has laid down extensive and lengthy legislation applying to the EU import of honey intended for human consumption â€Å"Before an EU buyer places an order, he needs to be sure your honey complies with the EU requirements and his own quality demands. EU buyers will therefore require documentation on chemical analyses of each batch of honey. Most EU honey importers make use of the internationally acknowledged chemical laboratory on honey, Applica, to perform analyses† (CBI, March, 2008) Along with the import license acquisition, it requires extremely long due-process and in turn increasing our inventory storage cost. Secondly, with regional free trade, production shifts toward the most efficient manufacturers of honey within the RTA. The fact that they retaining barriers to trade with nonmembers deprives our cost leadership and consumers will never consider our honey when there are cheaper options elsewhere. Lastly, highly integrated RTA in EU also reflects a strong economic union that readily affects France, which makes France’s economic and cultural prospects very volatile to predict and understand since the internal members are very inter-related particularly when there’s an economic recession, for instance the recent contagion of Greek debt crisis towards EU. In a nutshell, it’s clear that exporting to France won’t be very lucrative choice however this is only the consideration from a profit perspective in the short term. Macrowise, the more trade occur internationally, the more incentives are lying on Australian government to further participate into WTO, collaborating with increasing countries’ RTA, making trades more liberal and efficient in resource allocation globally. Reference: Eric Novinson, July 11, 2010, The Advantages of Regional Trade Agreements, eHow Contributor, available from: http://www. ehow. om/list_6721244_advantages-regional-trade-agreements. html France legislation: Pre-conditions for export of HONEY, Centre of promotion of Imports from developing countries (CBI), March 2008, available from:http://www. cbi. eu/marketinfo/cbi/docs/france_legislation_pre_conditions_for_export_of_honey Edward L. Hudgins, January 17, 1996. REGIONAL AND MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS: COMPLEMENTARY MEANS TO OPEN MARKETS , the CatoJournal Vol. 15 No. 2-3 Dennis A. Shields, Regional Trade Agreements and U. S. Agriculture, Sept 1998, Forthcoming ERS report p25

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart free essay sample

Analysis Being an admirer of the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, I chose to analyze Mozart Symphony No. 40 In G Minor. An early analyst and critic of Mozart music, Otto Kahn called the Symphony No. 40 a symphony of pain and lamentation. Another critic said it was nothing but joy and animation (Kramer 480). While these two remarks may be used as extreme ways to interpret the symphony, its character and mood are captivating and touching. The standard instrumentation for this piece includes woodwinds (flutes, oboes, clarinets, and bassoons), strings (violins, violas, cellos, and basses), and brass (horns),The instrumentation does not include any percussion or heavy brass. The horns are used sparingly, only to add density to the tone or emphasize the crescendos and sopranos. The symphony Itself Is comprised of four movements: Movement One Molt allegro Movement Two Andante Movement Three Allegretto Movement Four Allegro assai The first movement of the symphony opens In a minor key with a piano but agitated principal theme that repeats Itself throughout the movement. We will write a custom essay sample on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such an opening Is not a usual one; a listener may have expected some sort of an Introduction to precede such a theme, but Mozart decides to omit any prelude, thereby establishing a certain feeling of restlessness or anxiety. The first movement exhibits frequent interchanges between piano and forte. Of all the sections of the first movement, only the development is played in a major key with distinct motion. This, combined with other expressive elements, further contributes to the movements general uneasy mood. The meter here is duple simple, and it remains constant throughout the movement. The first movement is presented in the Sonata-allegro form, with a mitotic structure laity In the principal theme, and a homophobic texture. Obediently following the sonata plan, Mozart slows down his second movement to andante. Violas play the principal theme and are later Joined by the first and second violins, imitating one another. The dominating strings maintain dynamics within movement is duple compound, and like in the first movement, this one is composed in sonata-allegro form.Homophobic accompaniment in an E-flat tonality supports a Med-range, but conjunct-motion melody that is characterized by regular periodic structures. Ere third movement is in triple simple meter with the orchestra once again nominated by the strings. The minuet and trio form naturally divides the movement into three sections with different keys, dynamics, and a dad capo. The minuet section and its a dad capo are played forte and in a minor key, while the trio is piano and in a major key. The tempo remains allegretto throughout the entire movement.Unlike the second movement, the motion of the melody is distinct and wide-range, structured n regular periods. The movement begins in a G minor tonality and then changes to G major. The texture remains homophobic throughout the entire movement. He final movement of the symphony is again dominated by the strings. The tempo of this movement is allegro assai, which combined with distinct melodic motion in the portions played forte, maintains the stressful, nervous mood of the symphony. These sections are interchanged by ones played piano and adagio, with a narrow melodic range and conjunct motion.This movement is composed in sonata-allegro form with duple simple meter. The motion is mostly conjunct, except for sections played presto, where the motion is distinct and the range is wide. The tonality of this vehement is G minor, and the texture is homophobic. II. Composer background. At the time of this symphonys composition, in the first half of 1788 when Mozart creative powers were at their peak, his everyday life suddenly began to deteriorate. Although he had recently been appointed a composer to the Court of Emperor Joseph II, the salary was meager and the duties were light.Two or three years previously Mozart concert schedule was busy and an abundance of students provided him Ninth an adequate income. He had triumphed in Prague with The Marriage of Figaro in 1786 and Don Giovanni in 1787. Now his fortunes went into a slump. When Don Giovanni was performed for the first time in Vienna, on the 7th of May, 1788, it aroused mixed reactions. Although it was given fifteen times that year, it does not seem to have been regarded as a success in Vienna. In the spring of 1788 Mozart could not obtain enough subscribers to a set of three string quintets, and the projected publication was postponed and then abandoned.In June Mozart planned a series of public concerts, but these apparently did not occur. After 1788, Mozart Mould never again perform a public concert in Vienna, and his desperate financial tuition made him write letters to relatives and friends, asking for money (Brooder Nevertheless, Mozart continued to compose with his characteristic and inspiration. Ere failures of his performances and the consequent financial hardships took a recognition, however, did not stop Mozart from writing. Mozart composed his last three symphonies (Nose. 39, 40, and 41) in only two months, without commission or payment.Furthermore, at least two of these symphonies were never performed during his lifetime. As to why they were not performed, some people believe that Mozart had such an intense inner need to express himself that he could not wait for tarot from whom to charge commission. Perhaps these were the circumstances that inspired such a feeling of insecurity, anxiety, and urgency in Symphony No. 40. Ere composer needed success, recognition, and simply money. IV. Personal Reaction. On a personal level, I was also inspired with the same unexplained feeling of urgency and anxiety while listening to this symphony. The first movement creates this mood Ninth its very first motive. However, it seemed hard for me to follow through the entire piece without having lost some of this impression to the more subdued second and hire movements. Perhaps Mozart emotions at the time were too complex for me to understand at this point; after all, these two movements were not composed Just to fill the void between the first and the last movements. But maybe Mozart knew that the listeners would be exhausted if the same mood prevailed throughout the entire symphony. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart free essay sample Of these letters only one of them Is written to Nearly; the rest are to a dear friend of Mozart, Michael Bugbear. Interestingly enough Mozart begins all of his letters to Michael delicately and affectionately with brother, Brother of Order, or beloved friend which we know from the past is Mozart way of getting on somebodys good side before asking for something. After the greeting, the body of all of these letters appears to follow a basic format: starting out with a high feeling of dignity or self-confidence, and ending tit pleas for financial backing or help.The letters, amounting to twenty between 1 788 and Mozart death (Keys 206), only afforded Mozart an estimated 141 5 florins. This can be compared to the near 3000 gulden that he had borrowed from many people by his death in 1791. Mozart met Michael back in his freemason days; they worked together for the same company. Michael became very wealthy when he inherited the textile manufacturing business that he was working for. We will write a custom essay sample on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mozart near constant pleas for money were sometimes granted, but not all of the time. Unfortunately.Mozart never made enough money before his death to be able to fully pay Michael back for all of his help. However, as a small form of compensation, Mozart would occasionally send Michael compositions and even dedicated one of his piano symphonies to him. Michael was such a good friend of the family, that it has been said that he continued to help Castanet out with family and financial problems after Mozart death. Eventually, it becomes rather obvious that Mozart can barely support his family, let alone pay back anyone who lends him money.Because of this, e loses nearly all of the flannel credibility that he once had. He reaches an economic low point and runs into a great crisis when his landlord demanded immediate payment of arrears in June of 1788. Mozart turns to Bugbear, asking him for the money and promising a return payment within a year or two with one or two thousand gulden, at a suitable rate. Michael realizes that Mozart needs to work through this problem on his own and therefore refuses to lend him the money. Because of this, Mozart winds up having to pack up both his family and belongings and move too suburb in Warring.Here, Mozart lives in a much smaller house than the one in Vienna. During these next few months it can be said that Mozart suffers an air of withdrawal from Vienna and its music life. Not only was Mozart facing an economic hardship at this time, but there was also quite a bit of commotion going on in his family life too. Taking a look at the past few years of Mozart life it can be seen that In 1786 his wife gave birth tonal lost a son and In 1787 he lost 3 of his close that was born to this couple, Theresa Connotations, passes away in June.This was less than a year after the child was born. The baby girl was buried in the Warring cemetery, right near the familys new home. On top of all of this, Mozart health was still declining from his re-infection of what doctors assumed to be SSH (Schooners- Hence Syndrome) in mid April if 1787. It seems that nothing here could really pull him out of his rut enough to get better. Eventually though, he got his life back together enough that he moved back to Vienna in late 1788 to early 1789 in hopes of again finding better luck.Moving on, Mozart professional life seems to be quite uneventful during 1787. Mozart seems to withdraw himself from society. One author even stated that in the autumn and winter so little appears to be happening that one begins to wonder how Mozart spends his days(unknown). Looking at the list of works that he finished in 1788 it can pretty much be inferred that he is spending most of his time at home composing. This raises the question of who Mozart was doing all of this composing for.Looking at commissions, it can be seen that there really are not any; along the lines of employment, activity seems to be kept at a minimal; publishing also appears o have been kept rather stagnant; and performances seemed to be the only small thing that Mozart was falling back on. Joseph Starter died in 1787 and Mozart was appointed his role of the director of Sweeties oratorio concerts. In fact, Barron van Sweeten liked what Mozart was doing so much that he had Wolfgang add to and alter Handels piece Accusing Galatea in November of 1788.The piece came out so well that Sweeten decides to have Mozart do the same thing to a couple of other pieces later on in his life. Also during this year a virtual collapse in Mozart concert audience an be seen throughout his performances. On top of that, not only were his subscription attempts in June of this year a failure, but his subsequent promotions did not seem to far any better. When the performances from 1788 are assayed we find that Mozart mainly covers someone elses pieces along with performing one of his operas.The piece that he conducted is C. P. E. Bachs Die Furthering undo Hammertoe Jesus that is performed on March fourth. The opera that is put on was one that Mozart had written Just a year before: Don Giovanni. Although it has been reformed previously in other locations, this is the first time that it is to be seen by a Vienna audience. Unfortunately though, it only has fourteen or fifteen showings before it is no more. The Emperor attends the last showing and declares it good, but unfit for his people (Keys 210). The score for this opera is so well written that it causes Hayden to react to a circle of aristocratic musical amateurs that were disputing over Mozart Vienna opera with: l cannot settle this quarrel, but I know this, that Mozart is the greatest composer now living in the world (unknown). Possibly the best and most incredible thing to come out of this year in Mozart life is the composition of his last three piano symphonies within a time frame of only six weeks.This task alone is outstanding, but what makes it even more amazing is that he managed to produce such a strong trilogy despite all of the personal problems that he is having. It is now known that these pieces were not commissioned, but why were they written? One possible explanation for the pieces is Mozart great need for time in his life between June 26 and August 10 he was in such a financial bind that e was pawning his belongings to keep the family alive (Keys 206).Between Mozart declining health and his poor finances, it is becoming clear that the end off great man is nearing. 1788 was a year of struggle, but Mozart stood up against his hardships as much as he could to prove that he was not Just going to Match his life get taken from him. Although none of this effort can be seen financially, his strength can be seen in all of the pieces that he finished in this year alone. Mozart valiant efforts over this years struggles illustrate what a truly hard Morning and dedicated man he was. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart free essay sample Mozart Mozart is truly the most remarkable composer who ever lived. He composed In the classical style and there Is no other composer to fairly compare him to. Although he died at the age of 35, he left the world with more than 600 of the most amazing compositions ever written, Throughout his life, he composed with an ease of melody and a blend of grace and precision that arguable no one has ever excelled (Ducker 478). He was an amazing musician and composer whose legend continues to grow more than two and a half centuries after his death.Mozart was a musical child- Roding, writing his first minuet at the age of five. At the age of six, he began composing complicated and serious musical works and in the same year gave his first harpsichord concert. His first symphony was written when he was only eight years old and his first opera when he was twelve. We will write a custom essay sample on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salisbury, Austria in January of 1756 to Leopold and Anna Maria Pertly. Leopold Mozart was a respected and successful violinist and composer for the Archbishop of Salisbury. He was also an experienced teacher and taught young Wolfgang to play the clavier at the tender age of three.By the age of four, he had developed such an amazing talent for remembering musical pieces, that Leopold began teaching him to play the harpsichord. Wolfgang was a quick learner and within a year he was composing serious pieces of music. Beginning in 1762, Wolfgang and his sister Maria Anna, affectionately nicknamed Manner, went on a musical tour throughout Europe with their parents. They visited some of Rupees largest and most culture-rich cities and performed small concerts for groups of royalty and nobility. Wherever they played, their audience was overwhelmed with their extraordinary talents.For two young children, they were extremely talented but Wolfgang certainly stood out from the pair. This was partially due to his age, his unusual talent, and his fathers strict and unrelenting instruction, but it was also due to the time period in which they lived. During the classical period, women had a harder time finding respect, not to mention work, as musicians and composers. Although Manner composed wonderful pieces of her own, even Wolfgang once wrote In a letter to her, l have been quite astonished that you can compose so beautifully (Gay 18). And although Leopold was immensely proud of both of his childrens musical talents and accomplishments, he was often heard saying that his son was a prodigy of nature (Gay 12). It can easily be accepted that he was a prodigy. By the time Wolfgang was a teenager, he had mastered the harpsichord, violin and pianoforte, as well as the sonata and symphony and was writing keyboard pieces, oratorios, solos, and operas. Up until 1768 the Mozart family continued taking musical tours throughout Europe. During this time Wolfgang continued composing.While on tour in Paris, he published his first works, our sonatas for the clavier with violin accompaniment. He also composed his first opera, La Flat Someplace, which he played In a public performance the following year in his hometown of Salisbury. Between 1769 and 1771, Wolfgang and his father traveled together on three tours In Italy, leaving Manner and Anna Marl at home. While in Italy, Wolfgang wrote several new operas, Intimidate RI De Pont, Occasion in also in Rome, Italy that Mozart heard for the first and only time Gregory Allegros Miseries performance in the Sistine Chapel then wrote it out in its entirety from Emory, only returning to correct minor errors; thus producing the first illegal copy of this closely-guarded property of the Vatican (Wisped). In 1773 they returned home from their last tour in Italy. By this time, Wolfgang had written more than two dozen symphonies in his traditional classical style and his true genius as a symphonists had emerged (Gay 16). Once home, he found work as a court musician for the ruler of Salisbury.During this time he composed many works including five violin concertos, which were the only violin concertos he ever wrote. But in a short amount f time, he came to be dissatisfied with that position. He was unhappy with the salary, which was only 150 florins per year, and the position did not allow him to express himself as fully as he liked (Wisped). He was interested in composing operas but the Salisbury audience was not interested in operas. So Wolfgang began searching for employment away from Salisbury.For the next few years he traveled to large cities such as Vienna, Munich, Anaheim and Paris searching for a position that suited him. It was on his trip to Paris with his mother in 1778 that she became ill and died. In 1781 he found work as a pianist and composer in Vienna. His works Mere widely accepted and appreciated by his Viennese audiences and he achieved a reputation as an accomplished composer. It was also in Vienna that he reacquainted himself with Constance Weber, a childhood friend and the daughter of Loopholes long-time friend, Franklin Weber.In August 1782, Wolfgang married Constance against his fathers vehement objections. The couple had a total of six children although only two boys survived infancy, Karl Thomas Mozart and Franz Xavier Knolling Mozart. Shortly after the birth of their first child, Karl Thomas, Wolfgang Egan working on his famous opera, The Marriage of Figaro, which premiered in Vienna in 1786 followed by a popular showing in Prague. The following year, he completed Don Giovanni which was also widely accepted in both cities.Both of these operas Are considered among Mozart most important works and are mainstays of the operatic repertoire today (Wisped). Prior to Wolfgang marriage and for a few [ears after, he had tried to find work under a permanent patron who would respect and praise his work and one which would guarantee a large and steady income. But t was not until December of 1787 that he finally obtained a steady post under aristocratic patronage from Emperor Joseph II who appointed him as his chamber composer. However, this was not a full-time position and his compensation was only 300 florins per year although it merely required him to compose dances for the annual balls in the Hoofers Imperial Palace. By 1788, his career and income started steady decline. It is believed that he began suffering from bouts of depression and he rarely performed in public. However, he was not idle during his last years. In fact, during this time E wrote a great deal of music, including some of his most admired works: the opera The Magic Flute, the final piano concerto (K. 95 in B flat), the Clarinet Concerto (K. 622), the last in his great series of string quintets (K. 614 in E flat), the motet Eave verve corpus (K. 618), and the unfinished Requiem (K. 526)(Wisped). In September of 1791, while visiting Prague, Wolfgang fell ill. Toward the end of November his condition had worsened so much that he was Constance, her younger sister Sophie and the family doctor, but all was in vain. He died in the early morning hours of December 5, 1791. Today there is no headstone or rake to identify where the great composer was laid to rest.Some historians have speculated that the Mozart family was so poor that they could not afford a proper burial. However, a simple burial was actually a sign of the times. Funerals were not elaborate, celebrated events. Instead, they were quiet, solemn and low-key. He was buried as any of his fellow Viennese countrymen would have been buried-in a common grave. But there are even more questions surrounding his death; primarily how he died. Rumors abound from trichinosis (a parasitic disease contracted from eating under-cooked pork) to influenza, mercury poisoning, or rheumatic fever Wisped).

Tony blair essays

Tony blair essays he idea of a British Presidency is an exaggeration. Discuss. This essay is not simply about Britain turning into a second America, it is not just about a changing culture, it looks into how Tony Blair since winning the 1997 General Election has employed tactics and strategies of various American presidents. This essay will also look into how British politics has changed, with it now being more image conscious and less about the actual substance of politics, the issues and policies. In this essay I will also show that Blair has tried to detach himself as much from his own party and also from his cabinet and parliament, he is not only acting like a president but he has tried to take on the powers of a president as he has felt there is an advantage of having a presidential stance. But I will also explain that this term of British Presidency should not be taken too far, even if Blair wanted to be a British President he faces such problems such as a completely different constitution, which I will go into more deeply later in the essay, and also how various people in politics only call Tony Blair a British President as a derogatory term. But to begin with I think it is important to show what the differences there are between a British Prime Minister and the American President. Starting of with the powers of the president, firstly he can propose legislation to Congess in a number of ways, particularly through the annual State of the Union Address. A second power is to submit the annual budget, which is drawn up for the President by the Office of Management and Budget. Thirdly the President signs legislation, once bills have passed through the lengthy process in Congress, the president gets his hands on it. He then has a number of options, but most likely is that he will sign the bill into law. As a counter- balance the president also has the power to veto legislation. The regular veto is much-used presidential weapon. Even...

Character Analysis of Mary Maloney Lamb to the Slaughter

We then see Mary’s character transform before our eyes and the once loving, dutiful housewife becomes a very devious, manipulative and cold hearted character. She manages to fool everyone maybe even herself. As the story unfolds, we see Many as a very cold hearted person as she kills her husband in the blink of an eye. After her husband has told her he plans to leave her and refuses to let her cook supper for him, Mary strikes out and hits him with a leg of lamb that she had planned to cook for supper. At that point, Many Maloney simply walks up behind him and without any pause she swung the big frozen leg of lamb high in the air and brought it down as hard as she could on the back of his head (Dahl, p. 13). Mary acts instinctively and hits her husband, stopping him from leaving her permanently. Mary is definitely shows the cold hearted aspect of her character. Mary is also a very devious person in that she not only kills her husband in cold blood, but she then precedes to create an alibi for herself. She practices her speech in the mirror, and then goes to the grocery store where she is sure the grocer will remember her as a calm, loving wife. She sat down before the mirror, tidied her hair, touched up her lips and face. She tried a smile. It came out rather peculiar. She tried again (Dahl, p. 14). Mary was now thinking very clearly in that she knew she needed to cover her tracks. These actions show that she was very clever and devious and was already thinking very clear in regard to the events that would follow. Mary is very manipulative in that she is able to create the character of the poor, pregnant wife, whose husband has just been murdered. She is able to convince the police to take pity on her, to mix her a drink and then to even eat the evidence, the leg of lamb that she has left in the oven. Why don’t you eat up that lamb that is in the oven (Dahl, p. 17). Mary realizes that if the police find the evidence she will go to jail. Her quick thinking and manipulative character results in the police officers eathign the evidence and therefore she cannot be charged of this crime. These actions show the complex character that Mary Maloney truly is. Throughout the entire story, Mary is a very interesting character. She faces many issues in dealing with her husband’s news that he is leaving her. She reacts based on her instincts and kills her husband and this shows her cold heartedness. In the end she has to create an alibi to cover up her devious crime in which she has to manipulate the police into eating the evidence. Mary is a very unique complex character and she has, through her actions conducted a devious crime in which she will be proven innocent. Through the use of Many Maloney’s character, as well as irony and suspense, the author was able to maintained the interest of the reader throughout the entire short story. http://www. shs. k12. nf. ca/ocaul/charcater%20analysis%20Mary%20Maloney. htm

Culture Clashes in the two novelsThings fall apart Chinua Achebe and Term Paper - 1

Culture Clashes in the two novelsThings fall apart Chinua Achebe and Lolita Vladimir Nabokov - Term Paper Example The following essay is an effort to portray the clash of cultures as the main protagonists interact with the people of different culture, the difficulties they face and the differences they experience. Igbo Okonkwo is a Negro whose interaction with British colonialists’ causes much of chaos in his life and the same is true with Humbert who is unable to understand what is going on in Lolita’s life. In both the novels, protagonists’ lives end in misery making us to think about our lost roots of heritage and our own identity. Chinua Achebe tells us the life of an Igbo who has himself experienced and seen culture of the people falling under the walls of the British colonial power. When British and other whites interfered in simple lives of Africans, it brought chaos and disturbance in their cultural and religious lives. Throughout the novel, people are seen facing conflicting situations in their daily affairs and even in their religious lives. Okonkwo is both a good farmer and a warrior and has gained two titles for his clan; has three wives, is owner of two barns full of yarns and a considerably big house revealing his achievements. He has got this success because of his father’s failures in life, which shows us type of the difficulties he must have borne in his life. He is revered and respected by his clan, as per his custom â€Å"Age was respected among his people, but achievement was revered.  As the elders said, if a child washed his hands he could eat with kings† (Achebe 6). While in Lolita, when Humbert of European origin and Charlotte Haze as well as Lolita, both Americans, get to know each other, it leads to conflicting situations in their lives. The glamour and intellect of Humbert fascinates Charlotte while on the other hand Humbert laughs at the superficial aspects and civilized nature of the Americans. He looks at Charlotte not more than a simple housewife whereas considers Lolita as a sexual symbol. He is

Uc civil engineering transfer student personal statement

Uc civil engineering transfer student - Personal Statement Example As a child I used to stand for hours at a construction site watching in awe as the workers worked in perfect harmony. There was nothing that gave me more joy than seeing a structure grow where none existed before. I therefore knew from an early age that I would like to be part of creating new structures. When I grew up a little and learnt more about different careers, I decided that I would be a civil engineer. Throughout my years in school, physics and mathematics have been my most favorite subjects and my grades in both have always been impressive. I have consistently topped my class in both for many years of my schooling. It was a trend that had continued my elementary school to high school. With time, I got to travel more and see more buildings, canals, bridges and other structures built in various designs that increased my yearning to enter into a career leading to construction. After I got access to the internet, I did comprehensive research on civil engineering and became quite knowledgeable in many topics in the subject. After I finished high school, I applied to join the (NAME COLLEGE). At first I was afraid due to notion that had been propagated into us that the course was difficult. I worked quite hard in my studies since it was a course I had passion in and I had had a good background in since I had been good in mathematics and physics. I realized that for anybody interested in civil engineering, it is not as difficult as we had been made to believe. On the contrary, I found the subjects simple, practical and enjoyable. Over the years I have had a chance to study civil engineering, I have had the opportunity to attend various consultative for a for civil engineers in which I have had the chance to interact with civil engineers and exchange ideas on further developing construction skills. These for a have left me more knowledgeable and have triggered critical thinking in me

My Childhood Essay Example for Free

My Childhood Essay When I started pre-school, I found it difficult to speak English because I spoke Chinese at home. I was distracted and frightened when I attended school in our Los Angeles neighborhood, and crime was a constant concern for us. It worried my parents to see that I was losing interest in school, so they moved me to Chino Hills after I finished 7th grade to live with my sisters, hoping that the environment would be a better place for me. The different atmosphere I was in changed my perspective on education. The students in Chino Hills are very competitive in their academic pursuits which motivated me to try harder and work up to my potential. The realization that a different environment can make a huge difference brought much confidence to me; I began developing better judgment and making better decisions toward my education. As I approached high school, I was beginning to understand the importance of an education. Although my parents remarks about school were simply for me to behave, I knew they also wanted me to have a good educational opportunity. My first year as a freshman in high school was difficult for me; it became evident that I didnt know how to manage my time. As every con has a pro, I knew that time management was no exception. Mastering the art of time management can reap great rewards, and by ignoring it I found myself facing great disappointment with my grades. At the end of the day, I tried to reflect on my performance and soon realized I have accomplished little. In my sophomore year of high school, I began to manage my time more wisely and took my education more seriously, and realized that it did not take much to use time management in an efficient manner; but the rewards were fulfilling because my grades had greatly risen. My course work and grades became obvious to me that I still had trouble managing my time. I soon started to decompose my goals, making it possible to tackle them one step at a time and realized as I progressed, my time management bettered. During my junior year, Procrastination was the biggest barrier to time management I had to face. I found it difficult at times to start working; however, I realized not working was related to the fear of poor results than it is to the actual difficulty of the work. My junior year gave a spark to my life; it helped me create a target to aim for, which is to attend a top 4 year  University and pursue my dreams in the medical field.

Eli Whitney Essay -- essays research papers

By 1790 slavery was on the decline in America. Apart from tobacco, rice, and a special strain of cotton that could be grown only in very few places, the South really had no money crop to export. Tobacco was a land waster, depleting the soil within very few years. Land was so cheap that tobacco planters never bothered to reclaim the soil by crop rotation -- they simply found new land farther west. The other crops -- rice, indigo, corn, and some wheat -- made for no great wealth. Slaves cost something, not only to buy but to maintain, and some Southern planters thought that conditions had reached a point where a slave's labor no longer paid for his care. Eli Whitney came to the south in 1793, conveniently enough, during the time when Southern planters were in their most desperate days. In a little over a week, he started the biggest avalanche of production that any economy had ever experienced. The South would never be the same again. Eli Whitney was born on December 8, 1765 in Westboro, Massachusetts. The tall, heavy-shouldered boy worked as a blacksmith. He had an almost natural understanding of mechanisms. On a machine made at home, he made nails, and at one time he was the only maker of ladies' hatpins in the country. In his early twenties, Whitney became determined to attend Yale College. Since Yale was mostly a school for law or theology, his parents objected. How could Yale College help enhance his mechanical talents? Finally, at the age of twenty-three, Whitney became a student at Yale. By this time, he seemed almost middle-aged to his classmates. After he graduated with his degree in 1792, he found that no jobs were available to a man with his talents. He eventually settled for teaching, and accepted a job as a tutor in South Carolina, his salary was promised to be one hundred guineas a year. He sailed on a small coasting packet with only a few passengers, among whom was the widow of the Revolutionary general, Nathanael Greene. The Greenes had settled in Savannah after the war. When Whitney arrived in South Carolina, he found that the promised salary was going to be halved. He not only refused to take the position, but decided to give up teaching all together. Coming to his aid, Mrs. Greene invited him to her plantation where he could read law, and also help out the plantation manager, Phineas Miller. Miller, a few years older than Whitney, wa... ...housand dollars in bonds from his friends in New Haven, and he personally borrowed ten thousand dollars from the New Haven bank. The sum involved in this big order, $134,000, was the biggest single transaction in the country at that time. By then end of the first year, Whitney was just getting into production, a big accomplishment for those times, but instead of the four thousand muskets he had promised, there were only five hundred produced. When news of this got to Whitney's financial backers, they became doubtful. All in all, it took Whitney almost eight years to fill the entire order. There were still many gaps in his system. There were endless bugs to be worked out, however, most of the ten thousand muskets were produced in the last two years. In 1811, Whitney took another order, this time for fifteen thousand. These were all produced in only two years. Whitney continued on with his development of the factory until his death on January 8, 1825. Unfortunately, Whitney has been all but forgotten. He is mostly remembered as "the cotton man," and nothing else. However, without the ingenuity and dedication of this individual, who knows where the world might be today. Eli Whitney Essay -- essays research papers By 1790 slavery was on the decline in America. Apart from tobacco, rice, and a special strain of cotton that could be grown only in very few places, the South really had no money crop to export. Tobacco was a land waster, depleting the soil within very few years. Land was so cheap that tobacco planters never bothered to reclaim the soil by crop rotation -- they simply found new land farther west. The other crops -- rice, indigo, corn, and some wheat -- made for no great wealth. Slaves cost something, not only to buy but to maintain, and some Southern planters thought that conditions had reached a point where a slave's labor no longer paid for his care. Eli Whitney came to the south in 1793, conveniently enough, during the time when Southern planters were in their most desperate days. In a little over a week, he started the biggest avalanche of production that any economy had ever experienced. The South would never be the same again. Eli Whitney was born on December 8, 1765 in Westboro, Massachusetts. The tall, heavy-shouldered boy worked as a blacksmith. He had an almost natural understanding of mechanisms. On a machine made at home, he made nails, and at one time he was the only maker of ladies' hatpins in the country. In his early twenties, Whitney became determined to attend Yale College. Since Yale was mostly a school for law or theology, his parents objected. How could Yale College help enhance his mechanical talents? Finally, at the age of twenty-three, Whitney became a student at Yale. By this time, he seemed almost middle-aged to his classmates. After he graduated with his degree in 1792, he found that no jobs were available to a man with his talents. He eventually settled for teaching, and accepted a job as a tutor in South Carolina, his salary was promised to be one hundred guineas a year. He sailed on a small coasting packet with only a few passengers, among whom was the widow of the Revolutionary general, Nathanael Greene. The Greenes had settled in Savannah after the war. When Whitney arrived in South Carolina, he found that the promised salary was going to be halved. He not only refused to take the position, but decided to give up teaching all together. Coming to his aid, Mrs. Greene invited him to her plantation where he could read law, and also help out the plantation manager, Phineas Miller. Miller, a few years older than Whitney, wa... ...housand dollars in bonds from his friends in New Haven, and he personally borrowed ten thousand dollars from the New Haven bank. The sum involved in this big order, $134,000, was the biggest single transaction in the country at that time. By then end of the first year, Whitney was just getting into production, a big accomplishment for those times, but instead of the four thousand muskets he had promised, there were only five hundred produced. When news of this got to Whitney's financial backers, they became doubtful. All in all, it took Whitney almost eight years to fill the entire order. There were still many gaps in his system. There were endless bugs to be worked out, however, most of the ten thousand muskets were produced in the last two years. In 1811, Whitney took another order, this time for fifteen thousand. These were all produced in only two years. Whitney continued on with his development of the factory until his death on January 8, 1825. Unfortunately, Whitney has been all but forgotten. He is mostly remembered as "the cotton man," and nothing else. However, without the ingenuity and dedication of this individual, who knows where the world might be today.

Ethics in Public Sector

This debate has given a better understanding of the responsibilities of the public sector, and how it should interact and interface with (elected) governments, with citizens, civil society and foreign as well as domestic corporations and private business Institutions. Besides, ethics and ethical principles can help people make better decisions, and help people evaluate the decisions of others (Like public officials). Much of this debate has focused on â€Å"good governance†, broadly speaking.Ethics has also been a part of this debate, in particular the discussion on professional ethics of civil servants, and too lesser extent the professional and arsenal ethics of politicians and elected office holders. Although the ethics of the civil service will be the main focus of this compendium, we are also looking into the ethics of the political sphere. Ethics has long been a controversial area of study in the professions of law, politics, philosophy, theology and public administratio n, and other study areas.Some practitioners, however, will dismiss any study or theory of ethics as not pertinent to their work, preferring instead to rely on laws, personnel manuals and job descriptions to define the limits of public sector responsibilities. That view now seems to be losing ground to the viewpoint that public administrators are no longer, if they ever were, expert technicians simply Implementing the policy decisions of the policy makers. Rather, public administrators exercise substantial discretion (decision-making power) on their own, discretion that affects peoples' lives in direct, lasting, and sometimes profound ways.In addition, there can be reasons to question the legitimacy of the rules and the policy decisions that public administrators are Implementing. Administrators and bureaucrats cannot avoid asking decisions, and in doing so they should attempt to make ethical decisions. Administrators have discretionary powers that go beyond the manuals, orders, Job descriptions and legal framework of their position and duties, and professional ethics will have to come In as guldens, In Dalton to the formal regulations.Administrators should therefore seek a broad and solid understanding of ethical theories and traditions, and look for methods for thinking about the ethical dimensions of their decision-making Thus, for a period of time there was a â€Å"realist† school within political science that eschewed any moral component of decision-making as naive, as a religious imposition or as plain hypocritical. Likewise in economics, the standard view has been on humans as a â€Å"homo economics†, a rational man attempting to pursue his selfish Interests, with little regard for ethics.Many people still believe that ethics Is too weak and too ;nice' to be of real importance in what is regarded as the tough, dirty and unprincipled world of politics. 1 OFF togged a proper understanding of what is going on. Ethics is also sometimes seen as active (telling other people what they should not do), impractical (because it is backed only by conscience), and more likely to catch the believing innocent rather than the deliberate offenders.Ethical issues in political science tend to be complex, ranging from micro-level personal issues to national, comparative and international relations. In politics, issues such as public vs.. Private interests, conflicts of interest, power abuse, and corruption have special salience. However, to prevent misconduct is as complex as the phenomenon of misconduct itself. This introduction will present three main topics.First, it will outline the basis and basics of ethics, secondly it will outline the â€Å"infrastructure† of ethics (what shapes the ethics of individuals) and thirdly it will outline two particular themes; the discussion on conflict of interests and corruption What is Ethics? Ethics refers to principles by which to evaluate behavior as right or wrong, good or bad. Ethics re fers to well based standards of right and wrong, and prescribe what humans ought to do. Ethics are continuous efforts of striving to ensure that people, ND the institutions they shape, live up to the standards that are reasonable and solidly based.It is useful to distinguish between normative and descriptive ethics; normative ethics describes the standards for the rightness and wrongness of acts, whereas It is useful to distinguish between normative and descriptive ethics; normative ethics describes the standards for the rightness and wrongness of acts, whereas descriptive ethics is an empirical investigation of people's moral beliefs. L This introduction is for the most part concerned with normative ethics. The law is one Asia promoter of ethic behavior.The law, however, only seta minimum standard for ethical conduct. Just because an act is legal, does not automatically mean it is ethical (think of the apartheid laws, for instance). Nor is an illegal act necessarily immoral (someti mes it can be Justified to break the law). Moral Philosophy Traditionally, moral philosophy (also known as normative ethics and moral theory) is the study of what makes actions right and wrong. These theories offer an overarching moral principle to which one could appeal in resolving difficult moral sections.There are several strands of ethics, which differs on the basis (or rationale) for their various ethical considerations. The three best known normative theories are virtue ethics, consequentiality (in particular utilitarianism) and deontological ethics (and in particular Kantian). Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics focuses on the character of the agent rather than on the formal rules for or the consequences of actions. The key elements of virtue ethical thinking are The roots of the Western tradition lie in the work of Plato and Aristotle, but virtues re important also in traditions of Chinese moral philosophy.Virtue theory returned to prominence in Western philosophical thought in the twentieth century, and is today one of the three dominant approaches to normative theories. Virtue ethics includes an account of the purpose of human life, or the meaning of life. To Plato and Aristotle, the purpose was to live in harmony with others, and the four Cardinal Virtues were defined as prudence, Justice, fortitude and temperance. The Greek idea of the virtues was later incorporated into Christian moral theology. Proponents of virtue theory sometimes argue that a central feature of a virtue is that it is universally applicable.Consequentiality Consequentiality refers to those moral theories, which hold that the consequences off particular action form the basis for any valid moral Judgment about that action. Thus, from a consequentiality standpoint, a morally right action is one that produces a good outcome, or consequence. Utilitarianism is a specific strand of consequentiality ethics. Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by it s contribution to overall utility, that is, its contribution to happiness or pleasure as summed up among all persons.The more happiness or pleasure for the more people, the better. It is consequentiality because the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome, and that the ends Justify the means. Utilitarianism can also be characterized as a quantitative and reductionism approach to ethics. 2 Utility – the good to be maximized – has been defined by various thinkers as happiness or pleasure (versus sadness or pain). It has also been defined as the satisfaction of preferences. It may be described as a life stance with happiness or pleasure as ultimate importance.In general use of the term utilitarian often refers to a somewhat narrow economic or pragmatic viewpoint. However, philosophical utilitarianism is much broader than this; for example, some approaches to utilitarianism also consider non-humans (animals and plants) in addition to people. Deontological Eth ics Deontological ethics has also been called â€Å"duty' or â€Å"obligation† based ethics. Deontological believe that ethical rules â€Å"bind you to your duty', and they look at the eighties or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions.Deontological ethics looks at our fidelity to principle and disregards the consequences of a particular act, when determining its moral worth. Kantian (or Kantian ethical theory) is deontological, revolving entirely around duty rather than emotional feelings or end goals. The core concept is â€Å"duty', or what one ought to do in certain situations. Kantian states that truly moral or ethical acts are not based on self-interest or the greatest utility, but on a sense of â€Å"duty' and or the individual and their usefulness for others).Kantian theories are based on the work of the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant (1724 – 1804), to whom the â€Å"categorical impe rative† is a core element. Kant thought that human beings occupy a special place in the world, and that morality can be summed up in one, ultimate commandment of reason, or imperative, from which all duties and obligations derive. A categorical imperative denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement that exerts its authority in all circumstances, both required and Justified as an end in itself.Kant argued against utilitarianism and other moral philosophy of his day, because for example an utilitarian would say that murder is K if it does maximize good for the greatest number of people; and he who is preoccupied with maximizing the positive outcome for himself would see murder as K, or irrelevant. Therefore, Kant argued, these moral systems cannot persuade moral action or be regarded as basis for moral Judgments because they are based on subjective considerations. A deontological moral system was his alternative, a system based on the demands of the categorical imperative.

Discrimination in the Emergency Department

There is discrimination in the emergency department because of the need for health care workers to implement standards in determining the extent of condition of patients brought to the emergency department for treatment for purposes of prioritization. It is in the process of screening the emergency of patients brought or seeking treatment in the department that discrimination occurs, through the ineffective or limited application of objectives and professional standards during the screening, flawed or baseless screening results, and weak prioritization decisions.Discrimination in the emergency department could occur on the part of individual health care workers or due to the policies implemented by the emergency department. As such, the solution could require institution-wide effort in ensuring the implementation of sound policies for the emergency department together with an anti-discrimination culture encompassing the professional practice and actions of individual emergency health care workers. An emergency pertains to the any critical situation or life-threatening condition.Since the definition is broad, it allows health care workers in the emergency department room to exercise judgment in deciding what scenarios comprise an emergency. Common criteria applied in determining an emergency include unconscious patients rushed to the hospital, potential stroke victims, patients identified to have suffered serious blood loss, or patients with broken bones especially if this involves the spinal column. (National Health Service, 2007)When the emergency department faces one or more of these criteria, together with other similar intervening factors, especially when many cases are received, the people in charge of the emergency department have to make decisions on a number of issues. The wide-range of allowance for personal judgment of health care professionals in the emergency department (Aberegg, Arkes & Terry, 2006) together with the need to make decisions with lim ited time requiring screening skills and experience as well as the implementation of objective professional standards (Gulland, 2003) opens room for biases and subjectivity.First decision is on whether the cases taken singly comprise an emergency (Aberegg, Arkes & Terry, 2006). If so, then the case is considered for emergency action. If not, then the case is referred to the appropriate department. However, the determination of whether the cases constitutes an emergency should be made using professional standards to prevent the intervention of discriminatory practices such as considering a case as an emergency not because it constitutes a life threatening situations but because of biases against one case relative to the other cases (Gulland, 2003).Second decision is the prioritization of all the cases determined as emergencies, brought to the emergency department at one time or in a given period (Aberegg, Arkes & Terry, 2006). The emergency department operates 24/7 so that personnel work on a shift basis resulting to a minimum number of personnel on standby at one time.The number of personnel on standby depends on the trends in emergency cases based on the experience of the hospital and expected periods of the occurrence of emergencies such as forest fires and heat waves during the summer. With limited personnel, mounting cases can make prioritization difficult especially when cases are comparable in terms of the extent of seriousness of the health care need (Gulland, 2003). In these situations, prioritization is a necessity but decisions have requires justification.During decision-making, discrimination could occur such as when white patients are prioritized over a black patient regardless of the extent of the life-threatening condition or younger patients are prioritized over geriatric patients even if the older patients require more immediate treatment and the availability of health care professionals in the emergency department allows the prioritization of the geriatric patient.Third related decision is the action to be taken on the case, such as immediate treatment of the patient, referral of the patient to the health care personnel suited in handling the particular case, denial of treatment for certain reasons, referral of the patient for transfer to another health care facility, and other case-based actions (Aberegg, Arkes & Terry, 2006). Even if prioritization decisions are justifiable, action or implementation relating to the decision could involve discrimination such as when better service is extended to specific patients relative to other patients involved in comparable emergencies.Overall, discrimination in the emergency department could include biases based on race or ethnicity, gender, age, economic status, or other views expressed in the three areas of decision-making previously discussed. This means that discrimination in the emergency department is multi-faceted. In addition, the degree of intervention of discrimination v aries. The intervention of discrimination in the emergency department, from the perspective of emergency health care workers, could include either or both personal and professional bias.Personal bias refers to subjective opinion of a person as against the patient or the circumstances of the case that could affect screening and intervention judgments. Professional bias pertains to the views of the health care workers regarding the condition of the patient, the emergencies, the intervention, and the role they play in this specific situation based on the knowledge and experience of the professional. Both could overlap and operate in creating discrimination in the emergency department. (Gulland, 2003; Aberegg, Arkes & Terry, 2006)Based on the manifestations and causes of discrimination in the emergency department, a number of solutions become apparent. One is the efficient organization of the emergency department in anticipation of life threatening cases at any time. (Gulland, 2003) Sin ce the number of available staff and the level of preparedness of the emergency department determines the creation of opportunities for discrimination since only a small number of emergency cases brought to the emergency department can be addressed.Another solution is the development and continuous enhancement of the operational infrastructures of the emergency department including policies and guidelines in compliance with legal and professional standards, flexible budget and personnel allocation to the department, sound human resource management strategies, organizational culture grounded on objectivity, and other necessities in supporting the high level of preparedness and efficiency of the emergency department (â€Å"Interpretive Guidelines,† 2005).This solution also works in limiting the opportunities for discriminatory action in the emergency department. Still another solution is the application of training and development programs in compliance with the principle of co ntinuous learning. This means that health care workers assigned to the emergency department undergo continuous learning programs to update their knowledge and skills to be able to accommodate developments in professional practice as well as emerging issues arising in professional practice in the emergency department.(Gulland, 2003)When this happens, the likelihood of discrimination lessens because updated information supports the achievement of more objective professional judgments or decisions on issues and challenges faced by the emergency department. Although the emergency department involves a wide-room for judgment and decision-making on the part of health care workers in the emergency department as well as poor support infrastructural support and organizing inefficiencies, which create situations that give rise to discrimination, the causes of discrimination in the emergency department are preventable by addressing these causes.

us vs eu essays

us vs eu essays What does a coherent and unified European community (now known as the European Union) mean to the United States? Is it a threat, a competitor, or a partner? Or is it the three combined together? I think it is the three combined together. Depending on the situation, whether economically, politically, or military, the European Union has acted as a threat, competitor or a partner to the United States. This could be demonstrated using different economic, political and military examples. First, lets look at the role and involvement of the United States in the Formation of the European Union. The United States has maintained diplomatic relations with the European Union since 1953, when the first US Observers to the European Defense Community and the European Coal and Steel Community were nominated. In 1961, the US Mission to the European Communities - now the European Union - was established. The European Commission is represented in the United States by a Delegation in Washington, which was established in 1954. In 1971 the Washington office became a Delegation with full diplomatic privileges and immunities. The Delegation represents the European Commission in its dealings with the US government. It reports on US developments to headquarters in Brussels and acts as a liaison with other international institutions in Washington, DC. The European Union and the United States hold twice-yearly presidential summits to assess and develop transatlantic cooperation. The EU-US summits bring together the President of the United States and the President of the European Commission. The EU-US Presidential Summits started as a result of the November 1990 Transatlantic Declaration. In December 1995, a step forward in the relations was taken at the EU-US Summit in Madrid, when the European Union and the United States adopted the New Transatlantic Agenda. Both sides pledged to work together to promote peace, democracy and stability, foster economic growth a ...